second great awakening apush definition

1840s Second Great Awakening - boiling reaction against the growing liberalism in religion set in about 1800. "The Second Great Awakening in the Urban Centers: An Examination of Methodism and the 'New Measures, Cott, Nancy F. "Young Women in the Second Great Awakening in New England,". To answer First Great Awakening APUSH questions, know the leaders of this movement and how the movement affected religion and everyday life in the colonies. Charles Grandison Finney, the best known preacher of the Second Great Awakening, taught that sin was voluntary. "The Communion Sermons of James Mcgready: Sacramental Theology and Scots-Irish Piety on the Kentucky Frontier", Meyer, Neil. The Second Great Awakening made soul-winning the primary function of ministry and stimulated several moral and philanthropic reforms, including temperance and the emancipation of women. The Methodist Church used circuit ridersto reach people in frontier locations. Second Great Awakening, Protestant religious revival in the United States from about 1795 to 1835. Conversions and congregations started with the First Great Awakening, resulting in Baptist and Methodist preachers being authorized among slaves and free African Americans more than a decade before 1800. During this revival, meetings were held in small towns and large cities throughout the country, and the unique frontier institution known as the camp meeting began. Pietism was sweeping Germanic countries[4] and evangelicalism was waxing strong in England.[5]. Stone. The Great Awakening notably altered the religious climate in the American colonies. All three of these congregations were under the ministry of James McGready. Revivals were a key part of the movement and attracted hundreds of converts to new Protestant denominations. A primitive faith based on the Bible alone promised a way to sidestep the competing claims of the many denominations available and for congregations to find assurance of being right without the security of an established national church. Bratt, James D. "Religious Anti-revivalism in Antebellum America", Carwardine, Richard J. [23]:89–94 This desire to restore a purer form of Christianity without an elaborate hierarchy contributed to the development of many groups during the Second Great Awakening, including the Latter Day Saints, Baptists and Shakers. Protestant religious revival in the United States from about 1795 to 1835 Postmillennialists believed that Christ will return to earth after the "Millennium", which could entail either a literal 1,000 years or a figurative "long period" of peace and happiness. "Black Harry" Hosier, an illiterate freedman who drove Francis Asbury on his circuits, proved to be able to memorize large passages of the Bible verbatim and became a cross-over success, as popular among white audiences as the black ones Asbury had originally intended for him to minister. The movement began around 1790 and gained momentum by 1800; after 1820, membership rose rapidly among Baptist and Methodist congregations, whose preachers led the movement. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Historians and theologians identify three, or sometimes four, waves of increased religious enthusiasm between the early 18th century and the late 20th century. Antoinette Brown Blackwell: first female minister in USA 3. After first submitting to oversight by the established Methodist bishops, several AME congregations finally left to form the first independent African-American denomination in the United States in 1816. The name refers to belief in the soon Second Advent of Jesus (popularly known as the Second coming) and resulted in several major religious denominations, including Seventh-day Adventists and Advent Christians.[22]. This lecture covers all the basics of the Second Great Awakening for U.S. History and Advanced Placement U.S. History students. The Second Great Awakening led to a period o… By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. During these "awakenings," a great many colonists found new meaning (and new comfort) in the religions of the day. [33] Despite white attempts to control independent African-American congregations, especially after the Nat Turner uprising of 1831, a number of African-American congregations managed to maintain their separation as independent congregations in Baptist associations. The Second Great Awakening Origins of Revivalism a. The Second Great Awakening fought the perceived moral decay of society and charged [24]:368, Efforts to apply Christian teaching to the resolution of social problems presaged the Social Gospel of the late 19th century. Members of these groups acted as apostles for the faith, and also as educators and exponents of northeastern urban culture. [16][17] Presbyterians and Methodists initially worked together to host the early camp meetings, but the Presbyterians eventually became less involved because of the noise and often raucous activities that occurred during the protracted sessions. Known commonly as antebellum reform, this phenomenon included reforms against the consumption of alcohol, for women's rights and abolition of slavery, and a multitude of other issues faced by society. [43], The religious enthusiasm of the Second Great Awakening was echoed by the new political enthusiasm of the Second Party System. A year later, in August 1801, an even larger sacrament occasion that is generally considered to be America's first camp meeting was held at Cane Ridge in Bourbon County, Kentucky, under Barton W. Stone (1772–1844) with numerous Presbyterian, Baptist, and Methodist ministers participating in the services. However, women took other public roles; for example, relaying testimonials about their conversion experience, or assisting sinners (both male and female) through the conversion process. Magoosh blog comment policy: To create the best experience for our readers, we will approve and respond to comments that are relevant to the article, general enough to be helpful to other students, … The six-day gathering attracting perhaps as many as 20,000 people, although the exact number of attendees was not formally recorded. The Great Awakening was a series of religious revivals in the North American British colonies during the 17th and 18th Centuries. "The Invention of the Great Awakening, 1795–1842". [41], Protestant religious revival in the early 19th-century United States, George M. Fredrickson, "The Coming of the Lord: The Northern Protestant Clergy and the Civil War Crisis," in. The revivals also followed an arc of great emotional power, with an emphasis on the individual's sins and need to turn to Christ, and a sense of restoring personal salvation. Like the First Great Awakening a half century earlier, the Second Great Awakening in North America reflected Romanticism characterized by enthusiasm, emotion, and an appeal to the supernatural. A great review for AP US History students or anyone interested in United States History. The camp meeting was a religious service of several days' length with preachers. [3] As the most effective form of evangelizing during this period, revival meetings cut across geographical boundaries. The Second and Third Awakenings were part of a much larger Romantic religious movement that was sweeping across England, Scotland, and Germany.[1]. While it occurred in all parts of the United States, it was especially strong in the Churches with roots in this movement include the Churches of Christ, Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), and the Evangelical Christian Church in Canada. New York: Octagon Books, 1976, 139, Barbara Welter, "The Feminization of American Religion: 1800–1860," in. Revivals and public conversions became social events that continue to this day. When the evangelical leaders preached about equality, many people joined the abolitionist cause because they felt they should bring salvation to all humans, including blacks. While the movement unified the colonies and boosted church growth, experts say it also caused division between those who supported it and those who rejected it. [29] His sermon at Thomas Chapel in Chapeltown, Delaware, in 1784 was the first to be delivered by a black preacher directly to a white congregation.[30]. Baptists and Methodist revivals were successful in some parts of the Tidewater South, where an increasing number of common planters, plain folk, and slaves were converted. The first informal camp meeting began in June, when people began camping on the grounds of the Red River Meeting House. Washington Irving: famous American Author, Legends of Sleepy Hollow 2. Leaders such as Charles Finney saw women's public prayer as a crucial aspect in preparing a community for revival and improving their efficacy in conversion. Evangelists often directly addressed issues such as slavery, greed, and poverty, laying the groundwork for later reform movements. The Second Great Awakening began to decline by 1870. Johnson, Charles A. "The Frontier Camp Meeting: Contemporary and Historical Appraisals, 1805–1840". [40], Revivals and perfectionist hopes of improving individuals and society continued to increase from 1840 to 1865 across all major denominations, especially in urban areas. [37] Through women's positions in these organizations, women gained influence outside of the private sphere. [14] Upon their return home, most converts joined or created small local churches, which grew rapidly. It is not clear why women converted in larger numbers than men. Interest in transforming the world was applied to mainstream political action, as temperance activists, antislavery advocates, and proponents of other variations of reform sought to implement their beliefs into national politics. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). To immigrants in the early 19th century, the land in the United States seemed pristine, edenic and undefiled – "the perfect place to recover pure, uncorrupted and original Christianity" – and the tradition-bound European churches seemed out of place in this new setting. 1800 – 1848 (Period 4): 135 Terms Political revolution, another war with Britain, a Second Great Awakening, and a country trudging towards Civil War. The outpouring of religious fervor and revival began in Kentucky and Tennessee in the 1790s and early 1800s among the Presbyterians, Methodists and Baptists. [17], As a result of the Revival of 1800, the Cumberland Presbyterian Church emerged in Kentucky and became a strong support of the revivalist movement. As stated in the definition, the first great awakening refers to a period of time in the mid 18 th century marked by religious renewal. The Second Great Awakening occurred in several episodes and over different denominations; however, the revivals were very similar. Husbands, especially in the South, sometimes disapproved of their wives' conversion, forcing women to choose between submission to God or their spouses. What were causes of the Second Great Awakening? This page was last edited on 10 February 2021, at 02:58. The Second Great Awakening was a Protestant religious revival during the early 19th century in the United States. Ruby Ross changed description of Second Great Awakening Ruby Ross added Second Great Awakening to Nationalism, Economic Expansion, and Reform Board APUSH ID's 4 (March 1991), p. 1218 and 1237. International Conference of Reformed Churches, North American Presbyterian and Reformed Council, 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution, Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Ethnocultural politics in the United States, "Backcountry Religious Ways: The North British Field-Meeting Style", "Religious Transformation and the Second Great Awakening", Introducing Black Harry Hoosier: The History Behind Indiana's Namesake, Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) in the U.S. and Canada, Christian churches and churches of Christ, Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_Great_Awakening&oldid=1005924075, History of Christianity in the United States, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2019, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from October 2019, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Second Great Awakening People 1. [34], Despite the predominance of women in the movement, they were not formally indoctrinated or given leading ministerial positions. The second and more conservative phase of the awakening (1810–25) centred in the Congregational churches of New England under the leadership of theologians Timothy Dwight, Lyman Beecher, Nathaniel W. Taylor, and Asahel Nettleton. The Second Great Awakening encouraged the idea that an individual could control their destiny and good deeds would make the nation a better place. It was a time that saw a dramatic increase in preaching and church attendance, and religious and [21], The Advent Movement emerged in the 1830s and 1840s in North America, and was preached by ministers such as William Miller, whose followers became known as Millerites. [24]:368 While the leaders of one of the two primary groups making up this movement, Thomas Campbell and Alexander Campbell, resisted what they saw as the spiritual manipulation of the camp meetings, the revivals contributed to the development of the other major branch, led by Barton W. In the 1830s, female moral reform societies rapidly spread across the North making it the first predominantly female social movement. [8][9] Charles Finney, a leading revivalist active in the area, coined the term. They did not stem entirely from the Second Great Awakening, but the revivalist doctrine and the expectation that one's conversion would lead to personal action accelerated the role of women's social benevolence work. The Second Great Awakening describes the period starting in the 1790s and lasting through the 1830s. Activist religious groups provided both the leadership and the well-organized voluntary societies that drove the reform movements of the antebellum period such as abolition, temperance, etc. [32] With the growth in congregations and churches, Baptist associations formed in Virginia, for instance, as well as Kentucky and other states. (Although, it’s important to remember that with historical periodization—an important skill for the APUSH exam—the start and end times of these events are loose. Second Great Awakening A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Settlers in thinly populated areas gathered at the camp meeting for fellowship as well as worship. [19][20], The converts during the Second Great Awakening were predominantly female. He has conducted 250+ AP US History workshops for teachers. It signalled the move from America’s largely unjust society to a more progressive future that … [25], Congregationalists set up missionary societies to evangelize the western territory of the northern tier. The first phase (1795–1810) was associated with frontier camp meetings conducted by American preachers James McGready, John McGee, and Barton W. Stone in Kentucky and Tennessee. •  The Second Great Awakening, liberal social ideas from abroad, and Romantic beliefs in human perfectibility fostered the rise of voluntary organizations to promote religious and secular reforms, including abolition and women’s rights. [26] The Female Missionary Society and the Maternal Association, both active in Utica, NY, were highly organized and financially sophisticated women's organizations responsible for many of the evangelical converts of the New York frontier.[27]. [41] The influence of the Awakening continued in the form of more secular movements. [24]:368 Publication and education societies promoted Christian education; most notable among them was the American Bible Society, founded in 1816. Various scholarly theories attribute the discrepancy to a reaction to the perceived sinfulness of youthful frivolity, an inherent greater sense of religiosity in women, a communal reaction to economic insecurity, or an assertion of the self in the face of patriarchal rule. The Presbyterians and Methodists sponsored similar gatherings on a regular basis after the Revolution. It began as a reaction to the growth in popularity of science and rationalism. Upstate New York was called the "Burned-over district" because of the numerous revivals that crisscrossed the region. "The Historiography of the Second Great Awakening and the Problem of Historical Causation, 1945–2005". [23]:89 Several factors made the restoration sentiment particularly appealing during this time period:[23]:90–94, The Restoration Movement began during, and was greatly influenced by, the Second Great Awakening. [10] Linda K. Pritchard uses statistical data to show that compared to the rest of New York State, the Ohio River Valley in the lower Midwest, and the country as a whole, the religiosity of the Burned-over District was typical rather than exceptional. Postmillennialist theology dominated American Protestantism in the first half of the 19th century. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... Hand-coloured woodcut of a Methodist camp meeting in Eastham, Massachusetts, c. 1850. [2] It rejected the skepticism, deism, Unitarianism, and rationalism left over from the American Enlightenment,[3] about the same time that similar movements flourished in Europe. [13], In the newly settled frontier regions, the revival was implemented through camp meetings. Definition of second great awakening in the Definitions.net dictionary. A 1932 source estimated at least three female converts to every two male converts between 1798 and 1826. Despite being called the "greatest orator in America" by Benjamin Rush[31] and one of the best in the world by Bishop Thomas Coke,[30] Hosier was repeatedly passed over for ordination and permitted no vote during his attendance at the Christmas Conference that formally established American Methodism. Shiels, Richard D. "The Second Great Awakening in Connecticut: Critique of the Traditional Interpretation". During the period of revival, mothers were seen as the moral and spiritual foundation of the family, and were thus tasked with instructing children in matters of religion and ethics. The Great Awakening refers to a number of periods of religious revival in American Christian history. The Second Great Awakening was a Protestant religious revival during the early 19th century in the United States. Church membership and religious activity gave women peer support and place for meaningful activity outside the home, providing many women with communal identity and shared experiences. The Second Great Awakening was a U.S. religious revival that began in the late eighteenth century and lasted until the middle of the nineteenth century. As a result, the numerical strength of the Baptists and Methodists rose relative to that of the denominations dominant in the colonial period—the Anglicans, Presbyterians, Congregationalists. Christians thus had a duty to purify society in preparation for that return. [28] Social activism influenced abolition groups and supporters of the Temperance movement. [18] Cane Ridge was also instrumental in fostering what became known as the Restoration Movement, which consisted of non-denominational churches committed to what they viewed as the original, fundamental Christianity of the New Testament. Why was it significant? He believed everyone had the power to become perfect and free of sin. The idea of restoring a "primitive" form of Christianity grew in popularity in the U.S. after the American Revolution. Religion competed with secularism by 1800 b. Timothy Dwight (grandson of Jonathan Edwards) c. New England was ground-zero for revivalism The Frontier Phase a. Generally considered less emotional than the Great Awakening of the early 18th century, the second wave of evangelical revivalism led to the founding of numerous colleges and seminaries and to the organization of mission societies across the country. New religious movements emerged during the Second Great Awakening, such as Adventism, Dispensationalism, and the Latter Day Saint movement. [7], In the early days of the nineteenth century, western New York State was called the "burned-over district" because of the highly publicized revivals that crisscrossed the region. Women's prayer groups were an early and socially acceptable form of women's organization. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Barbara Leslie Epstein, The Politics of Domesticity. The Methodist Church used circuit riders to reach people in frontier locations. [42] In the midst of shifts in theology and church polity, American Christians began progressive movements to reform society during this period. [12], The denominations that encouraged the revivals were based on an interpretation of man's spiritual equality before God, which led them to recruit members and preachers from a wide range of classes and all races. He also saw that women could help convert their husbands and fathers. The sheer exhilaration of participating in a religious revival with crowds of hundreds and perhaps thousands of people inspired the dancing, shouting, and singing associated with these events. Meaning of second great awakening. What does second great awakening mean? Parts of New York became know as the.because the religious revival spread like fire.were the first and most … Although many American Protestants lost interest in revivalism in the first half of the 20th century, tent revivals as well as annual revivals in churches in the South and Midwest continued to be an important feature of Protestant church life. Due to the efforts of such leaders as Stone and Alexander Campbell (1788–1866), the camp meeting revival spread religious enthusiasm and became a major mode of church expansion, especially for the Methodists and Baptists. He was a member of the Middle and upper class American's felt as if they should be examples for the 'ill behaved'. Ordinary people were encouraged to make a personal connection with God, instead of relying on a minister. [3][4] On the frontier the Awakening, which sent missionaries out to the people, supported the growth of membership among Methodists and Baptists, based on a view … Social Gospel for APUSH® About the Author: Warren Hierl taught Advanced Placement U.S. History for twenty-eight years. Stephen Meardon, "From Religious Revivals to Tariff Rancor: Preaching Free Trade and Protection during the Second American Party System,". [15], The Revival of 1800 in Logan County, Kentucky, began as a traditional Presbyterian sacramental occasion. State legislatures[which?] Birdsall, Richard D. "The Second Great Awakening and the New England Social Order". Subsequent meetings followed at the nearby Gasper River and Muddy River congregations. Especially in the Baptist Church, African Americans were welcomed as members and as preachers. [32], Women, who made up the majority of converts during the Awakening, played a crucial role in its development and focus. Information and translations of second great awakening in the most While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies.
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